A pony is a small horse (Equus ferus caballus) with a specific conformation and temperament. There are many different breeds of ponies. Compared to horses, ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails and overall coat, as well as proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, thicker necks, and shorter heads with broader foreheads. On occasion, people who are unfamiliar with horses may confuse an adult pony with a foal, which is a young, immature horse. Ponies are generally considered intelligent and friendly, though sometimes they also are described as stubborn or devious. The differences of opinion often result from an individual pony's degree of proper training. Ponies trained by inexperienced individuals, or only ridden by beginners, can turn out to be spoiled because their riders typically lack the experience base to correct bad habits. Properly trained ponies are appropriate mounts for children who are learning to ride. Larger ponies can be ridden by adults, as ponies are usually strong for their size. Ponies were historically used for driving and freight transport, as children's mounts, for recreational riding, and later as competitors and performers in their own right. During the Industrial Revolution, particularly in Great Britain, a significant number were used as "pit ponies", hauling loads of coal up from the mines.
A Highland Pony, demonstrating the pony characteristics of sturdy bone, thick mane and tail, small head, and small overall size.
Horses and ponies
A pony
foal. Pony foals are smaller than horse foals, but both have long legs and small bodies
For many forms of competition, the official definition of a pony is a
horse that measures less than 14.2
hands (58 inches, 147 cm) at the
withers. Horses are 14.2 or taller. The
International Federation for Equestrian Sports defines the official cutoff point at 148 centimetres (58.27 in) (just over 14.2 h) without shoes and 149 centimetres (58.66 in) (just over 14.2-1/2 h) with shoes, though allows a margin for competition measurement of up to 150 centimetres (59.1 in) (14.3 h) without shoes, or 151 centimetres (59.45 in) (just under 14.3-1/2 h) with shoes. However, the term "pony" can be used in general (or affectionately) for any small horse, regardless of its actual size or breed. Furthermore, some horse breeds may have individuals who mature under that height but are still called "horses" and are allowed to compete as horses. In Australia horses that measure from 14 hands to 15 hands are known as a "
galloway", and ponies in Australia measure under 14 hands.
People who are unfamiliar with horses may confuse an adult pony with a young, immature horse. While
foals that will grow up to be horse-sized may be no taller than some ponies in their first months of life, their body proportions are very different. A pony can be ridden and put to work, while a foal is too young to be ridden or used as a
working animal. Foals, whether they grow up to be horse or pony-sized, can be distinguished from adult horses by their extremely long legs and slim bodies. Their heads and eyes also exhibit
juvenile characteristics. Furthermore, in most cases, nursing foals will be in very close proximity to a
mare who is the mother (dam) of the foal. While ponies exhibit some
neoteny with the wide foreheads and small size, their body proportions are similar to that of an adult horse.
History
Ponies originally developed as a
landrace adapted to a harsh natural environment, and were considered part of the "draft" subtype typical of Northern Europe.Domesticated ponies of all breeds originally developed mainly from the need for a
working animal that could fulfill specific local draft and transportation needs while surviving in harsh environments. However, by the 20th century, many pony breeds had
Arabian and other blood added to make a more refined pony suitable for riding.
Uses
Ponies compete at events ranging from
hunters,
English riding on the flat,
harness, and
western riding classes at
horse shows, to other competitive events such as
gymkhana and
combined driving. They are seen in casual pursuits such as
trail riding. Ponies also are shown in
dressage,
equitation, and other events, even in international-level competition. Though many exhibitors confine themselves to classes just for ponies, top ponies are competitive against full-sized horses. For example, a 14.1
handpony named
Stroller was a member of the British Equestrian
show jumping team, and won the silver medal at the
1968 Summer Olympics. More recently, the 14.1-3/4 hand pony
Theodore O'Connor won the gold medal in
eventing at the 2007
Pan American Games. There is no direct correlation between a horse's size and its inherent athletic ability.
Pony Clubs, open to young people who own either horses or ponies, are formed worldwide to educate young people about horses, promote responsible horse ownership, and also sponsor competitive events for young people and smaller horses.
In many parts of the world ponies are also still used as
working animals, as
pack animals and for pulling various
horse-drawn vehicles. They are sometimes seen at
traveling carnivals, or at children's private parties where small children can take short rides on ponies that are saddled and then either led individually or hitched to a "pony wheel" (a non-motorized device akin to a
hot walker) that leads six to eight ponies at a time. Ponies are sometimes seen at summer camps for children, and in some places, particularly
Ireland and the
UK, larger ponies may even carry adults on
Equitourism vacations.
Breeds and types
The
Shetland pony is one of the smallest pony breeds, but also is very strong
Pony
breeds have developed all over the world, particularly in cold and harsh climates where hardy, sturdy,
working animals were needed. The
"Four foundations theory"suggests that ponies, particularly in
Europe, may have descended from the "draft" subspecies of
Equus ferus. Nearly all pony breeds share the ability to thrive on a more limited diet than that of a regular-sized horse, and are remarkably strong for their size. Some breeds, such as the
Shetland pony are able to pull as much weight as a
draft horse. Others, such as the
Connemara pony, are recognized for their ability to carry a full-sized adult rider.
The
Connemara pony is a larger pony which occasionally matures over 14.2 hands
For showing purposes, ponies are often grouped into small, medium, and large sizes. Small ponies are 12.2
hands (50 inches (130 cm)) and under, medium ponies are over 12.2 but no taller than 13.2 hands (54 inches (140 cm)), and large ponies are over 13.2 hands but no taller than 14.2 hands.
The smallest equines are called
miniature horses by many of their breeders and breed organizations, rather than ponies, but stand smaller than small ponies, usually no taller than 38 inches (97 cm) at the withers. However, there are also
miniature ponybreeds.
Breeds that are not ponies
The full-sized horses used for
polo are called "polo ponies," even though they are taller than ponies
Some
horse breeds are not considered ponies, even when they have some animals that measure under 14.2 hands. This is usually due to body build, traditional uses and overall physiology. Breeds that are considered horses regardless of height include the
Arabian horse,
American Quarter Horse and the
Morgan horse, all of which have individual members both over and under 14.2 hands.
The Icelandic horse is considered a horse, not a pony, by those who own and breed them
Other horse breeds, such as
Icelandic Horse and
Fjord Horse, may sometimes be pony-sized or have some pony characteristics, such as a heavy coat, thick mane, and heavy bone, but are generally classified as "horses" by their respective registries. In cases such as these, there can be considerable debate over whether to call certain breeds "horses" or "ponies." However, individual
breed registries usually are the arbiters of such debates, weighing the relative horse and pony characteristics of a breed. In some breeds, such as the
Welsh pony, the horse-versus-pony controversy is resolved by creating separate divisions for consistently horse-sized animals, such as the
"Section D" Welsh Cob
There is debate over whether the feral Chincoteague ponies of Assateague Island are horses or ponies
Conversely, the term "pony" is occasionally used to describe horses of normal height. Horses used for
polo are often called "
polo ponies", though in the
United States and the
United Kingdom, they are often of
Thoroughbred breeding and often well over 14.2 hands.
American Indian tribes also have the tradition of referring to their horses as "ponies," when speaking in English, even though many of the
Mustang horses they used in the 19th century were close to or over 14.2 hh, and most horses owned and bred by Native peoples today are of full horse height. The term "pony" is also sometimes used to describe a full-sized horse in a humorous or affectionate sense.
The
United States Pony Club defines "pony" to be any mount that is ridden by a member regardless of its breed or size. Persons up to 25 years old are eligible for membership, and some of the members' "ponies" actually are full-size horses.
